malaria

Malaria

  Malaria is a parasitic disease caused by plasmodium And transmitted by bite of female Anopheles mosquito.


Etiology.

The plasmodium is spread by night -biting
By female mosquito because they commonly bite between dark and dawn .

Note:- in rare cases it may spread through blood transfusion .

Climatic conditions:-  it is common in temperate climates but it disappeared in winters.

Pathophysiology:-

         Bite of infected mosquito
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 Parasites (sporozoites) spread to liver via bloodstream
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Maturation of sporozoites

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Release of merozoites

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Infection and destruction of RBC

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Multiplication of parasites

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Appearance of the symptoms.


Note :-
              First symptoms usually occurs after 10 days to 4 weeks after infection .


Clinical manifestations:-

1. Anemia
2.Bloody stools
3.chills
4. coma (rare)
5. jaundice
6. fever
7. Headache
8. muscle pain
9. convulsion
10. Nausea and vomiting
11. Sweating

Diagnosis:-

 1.physical examination.
 --Check for presence of enlarged liver and enlarged spleen.

2. Malaria blood smera.
-- generally requires 6 to 12 hours
But it is confirmed diagnosis.

3. CBC helps in identifying Anemia.

Medical management:-

1. Antimalarial Drug :-chloroquine
2. If infection if chloroquine resistant treatment provided  are :-
  1.combination of pyrimethamine and sulfadoxine
 2. Mefloquine or artesunate
 3. Combination of quinidine or quinine plus doxycycline , tetracycline or clindamycin
 4. Atovaquone and proguanil.

 Note :- supportive treatment including iv fluids ,other medications and respiratory maintenance may be provided.

2. Malaria especially caused by plasmodium falciparum is a medical emergency and requires hospitalization.

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