Tetanus
It is acute and highly fetal disease caused by clostridium tetani,which can forms spores and spores can survive in soil and dust for many years.
Etiology
They can enter in body by following ways.
1 Animal bites
2 skin burn
3 Abrasions and laceration
4 injecting drug with contaminated needless.
5 Tattoos and body which piercing made by unsterile equipment.
6 circumcision
Pathophysiology
Clostridium tetani enter in body
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Multiplication and release of tetanospasmin
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Tetanospasmin interfere with the signals send by brain
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Muscle spasm and stiffness
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Symptoms of tetanus.
Clinical manifestations
Muscle spasm
Muscle rigidity
Stiffness
Dysphagia due to muscle spasm of neck and throat.
Bloody stool
Diarrhoea
Fever
Headache.
Sweating
Tachycardia
Diagnosis
The test used for this named "spatula"
In this test touching the posterior pharyngeal wall with sterile instrument and observations of effect.
1. in positive condition
Involuntary contraction of jaw.
2. Negative condition.
Normal gag reflex .
Medical management
As soon as possible patient received tetanus immunoglobulin (TIG).
TIG contain antibodies which can kill clostridium tetani bacteria .
Sometimes physician may prescribe penicillin and metronidazole for treatment.
Prevention
Immunization consists of three dose of DPT (diphtheria , pertussis and tetanus ) at the age of 6 week and then booster dose at 18 months.
Second booster dose (only D and T) at 5/6year .
Third booster dose only TT after 10 year of age.
Note :- Temporary protection against tetanus by injection of human tetanus hyperimmuneglobulin.
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